$B@cJx9V=,(J

$B@cJx$K@5$7$/BP=h$9$k$K$O(J

1996$BG/(J2$B7n(J3$BF|$+$i(J2$B7n(J4$BF|$NFsF|4V!"C+@n3YEP;3%;%s%?!.ED(J
$BH~Jf!"?{>B90;R!":#0fMNe7I>NN,!K!"4d@Z5.G5(J($B5-(J)$B$N==FsL>!#=iF|$NFs(J
$B7n;0F|$K$O!"(J($B0l(J)$B%S!<%3%s$K$D$$$F5Z$Se$N@bL@!"(J($BFs(J)$B%>%s%G$N;H$$J}!"(J
($B;0(J)$BHBAwJ}K!!A%S%K%k!&%7!<%HMxMQ$NJ}K!!A!"(J($B;M(J)$B%s%G$N?MBN$X$N46?(!"$K$D$$(J
$B$F3X$s$@!#BhFsF|L\$NFs7n;MF|$O!"(J($B0l(J)$B@cH_!"(J($BFs(J)$B

$B%S!<%3%s$K$D$$$F5Z$Se$N@bL@(J

* $B8=:_=P2s$C$F$$$k%S!<%3%s$K$O!"!V%*%k%H%\%C%/%9(JF1$B!W$H!V%"%k%Z%s!&%S!<(J
$B!!%3%s(J1500$B!W$N(J2$B$l$NFCD'$rI=$K$9$k$H0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$k!#(J

$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%*%k%H%\%C%/%9(JF1$B!!!!!!!!!!%"%k%Z%s!&%S!<%3%s(J1500
$B@=B$9q!!!!!!!!%I%$%D!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!F|K\(J
$BE,MQHO0O!!!!!!(J80m $B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(J50m
$B7A>u!!!!!!!!!!4]$_$,$"$j!"AuCe@-$,NI$$!!;M3Q$/!"2~NI$NM>CO$"$j(J
$BEECSN(J1500$B;~4V(J(2000$B;~4V2D$H$b(J)
$BA\:w;~$N%$%s!!2;$K(JLED $B$,DI2C$5$l$?!J30!!2;!&(JLED$B$NN>MQ(J
$B%G%#%1!<%?!!!!It%9%T!<%+!<$NB>!"%$%d%[(J
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<%sIU$-!K(J
$BFse$=$N$^$^$K$7$F$*$/$H(J
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!\:Y$O@bL@=q;2>H$N$3$H(J)
* $B?MBN$OHf=E$N4X78$G(J2m$B0JFb$KKdKW$7$F$$$k>l9g$,B?$$(J
* $BBg@*$GA\:w$9$k>l9g$O!":G=*CJ3,$OFk$l$F$$$k?M$,C5$9!JB>$N?M$O!"AxFqI!"302J$G$O7[DGB;=}!&BgB\9|@^!&O>(J
$B!!9|9|@^$H$J$k%1!<%9$,B?$$(J
* $BDcBN29>I$O!"?D2!K29EY$,(J35$B!n$r7ZEY!"(J32$B!n0J2<$r=EEY$HJ,$1$F$$$k(J
* $BDcBN29>I$N1~5^C$NNd$?$$7l1U$r?HBN$K!J?4B!$K!K=[4D$5$;$k$3$H$K$J$k(J
$B!!$N$GHr$1$k!#2C29$9$k>l9g$O!"6K$a$F$f$C$/$j$H(J(0.5$B!n(J/$B;~4V$rL\0B$K(J)$B$"$?(J
$B!!$?$a$k(J
* $BCzG+$K$C$F!"DcBN29>I$NE,@Z$J1~5^=hCV$O2C292C<>>uBV$N%7%'%k%?$NCf$KF~$l$F(J
$B!!G.B;<:$r:G>.8B$K$H$I$a$k$3$H$,=EMW$K$J$k!#!J2C292C<>$N%7%'%k%?$r:n$k(J
$B!!M}M3$O!"@8BN$N%a%+%K%:%`$H$7$F8F5$$KBP$7$F2C292C<>>uBV$,G.B;<:$,0lHV(J
$B!!>/$J$$$?$a$G$"$k!K(J
 
$B%>%s%G$N;H$$J}(J
* $B!c%*%k%H%\%C%/%9%s%G$N>l9g!d%>%s%G$O0zD%$C$?>uBV$G%M(J
$B!!%8$r$7$a!"7h$7$F%o%$%d!%s%G$N@a$O(J1$BK\(J40$B-Q$J$N$G!"A4D9Ls(J3m$B!J?'J,$1$K$h$jKdKW?%s%G$N;HMQJ}K!!!Fs%s%G!!!!!!:8!&Cf1{!&1&!!(J30$B-Q(J
$B0lE@%>%s%G!J%9!!Cf1{$N$_!!!!!!(J6$B-Q(J
$B%T!<%I%>%s%G!K(J

* $B%>%s%G$NMn$H$7J}$O!"NY$j$N?M$H$N4V3V$r9MN8$7$J$,$i!"<+A3Mn2<$G1tD>$K(J
$B!!;I$5$k$h$&$K$9$k(J
* $B%j!<%@!<$N!VA0!W!"!VFM$1!W$N9fNa$G0l@F$K9T$&(J
* $BF|K\$N5_5^CN<1$O$^$@Dc$$!JJF9q$K$*$1$k5_5^5_L?N($O(J20$B?t(J%$B$G$"$k$N$KBP(J
$B!!$7!"F|K\$G$O(J3%$B$K$9$.$J$$!#$3$N0c$$$OJF9q$G$O0lHL$N?M$,0l1~$N=hCV$,9T(J
$B!!$($k$N$KBP$7!"F|K\$G$O1~5^=hCV$r9T$($k?M$,>/$J$$$?$a$G!"(J)"by-stander
$B!!!J8=>l$K5o9g$o$;$??M!K(J"$B$NCN<1$N:9$,5_L?N($K?<$/4XM?$7$F$$$k(J
 
$BHBAwJ}K!!A%S%K%k!&%7!<%HMxMQ$NJ}K!!A(J
* $B;HMQ$9$k$b$N!'%V%k!<%7!<%H!&6d%^%C%H!&%6%C%/!&%7%e%i%U!&%9%j%s%0!&%m(J
$B!!!<%W!&!J$"$l$P%+%i%S%J!&JL$N%m!<%W!&%F!<%T%s%0MQ%F!<%W$J$I!K(J
1.$BHBAw$N4pK\$O!VJ]29!W;v8NI$rKI$0$?$a!K(J
2.$B;v8Ne$K6dLL$r2<$K$7$F!J6dLL$GH?e$K$7$F$b$&(J1$BKgI_$$$F!K(J
$B!!;v8Ne$K$b(J1$BKg6dLL$r30$K$7$F6d%^%C%H$r$N$;!J%F%k$5$s$ND4::(J
$B!!$K$h$j!"305$$ru$K$9$k$?$a$K!"%9%j%s%0$r$D$1$k$?$a$N;YE@$rB-85$+(J
$B!!$i(J($B;}$C$F$$$l$P(J)$B%+%i%S%J!&!J$"$l$P(J)$B@P$3$m!&(J($B@Q@c4|$J$i$P(J)$B@c6L$r$$$l$F(J
$B!!:n$k!#(J
10. $B$3$3$r%/%m!<%V%R%C%A!J(J=$B%^%9%H7k$S(J=$B%$%s%/%N%C%H(J)$B$G;_$a$F$f$/!#$3$N(J
$B!!;~!"$f$k$/4,$/$H6/EY$,B-9xOF!"(Jd.$BN>8*$NOF!"(J
$B!!(Je.$B%H%C%W!JF,$N>eIt(J)$B;0E@!"$K:n$k(J
12. $B%/%m!<%V%R%C%A$G%V%k!<%7!<%H$K8GDj$5$l$?$=$l$>$l$N%9%j%s%0$r%7!<%H(J
$B!!%Y%s%I$G2<$+$i$D$J$2$F$f$/(J
13. $B>0!"$3$N$H$-%m!<%W$,#3K\0J>e$"$l$P!"#1K\$G$7$P$C$F$b$h$$(J
14. $B$5$i$K!"%m!<%W$,$"$l$P%,%$%I%m!<%W$r$H$k$HHBAw$7$d$9$$(J
15. $B%H%C%W$H%F%$%k$N$=$l$>$l;0E@$ON.F0J,;6$5$l$k$h$&$K$D$J$$$G$d$k(J
16. $B;v8N@\$5$i$5$l$LMM$KG[N8$9$k!J;v8NM5$,$"$l$P!"$b$&0lEY>e$+$i$+$1$F$d$k(J
18. $B%;%C%F%#%s%0$,=*$o$C$?$i!"Ii=}It0L$r!J%F!<%WEy$G!K%^!<%-%s%0$9$k$3(J
$B!!$H$rK:$l$J$$!J5_=u$K$OB?$/$N?M$,7H$o$k$?$a!"Ii=}It0L$rL@3N$K$9$kI,MW(J
$B!!$,$"$k!K(J
19. $Bo$N%9%j%s%0$G$O$J$/!"%G!<%8(J
$B!!!<%A%'!<%s$,$"$k$HD4@a$,3Z$K9T$(M-8z$G$"$k!J3j$i$;$k$H$-!'HBAwe$2$k$H$-!'N)$C$?$@$1$G;}$A>e$,$k$h$&$KC;$/!K(J
20. $BHBAw$9$k:]$K$O!"NI$$%k!<%H$r8+$D$1$k$?$a$K!"@hF3e$r3j$i$;$k$H:3:Y$JFM5/$bIi=}o$K2F7k:nMQ$K$h$j%3%s%/%j!<%H$NMM$K8G$/8G$^$k(J
* $B7)@n!&DGC+!&:#0f!JMN!K!&?{>B!&4d@Z$,KdKW(J
* $B%3!<%k(J&$B%R%"%j%s%0$G2;$NEA$o$jJ}$rCN$k(J
* $B%>%s%G$G?MBN$r$D$/$3$H$K$h$j@8BN$N46?($r$D$+$`(J

$B@cH_4Q;!(J
* $B@cH_$K$O%/%j!<%W$,B8:_$9$k(J
* $B4,$-9~$_$,@8$8$k$?$a!"$=$N8e$N7P2a$G6uF6$,;D$k(J
* $B$^$?!"AX$,=D$K@8$8$k$?$a=DJ}8~$NNO$KCx$7$/$C$F#6-P&U(Jx10$B%a!<%H%k$N%9%j%s%0$r3F<+$,;}(J
$B!!;2$7$F$$$k$H!"2>$K%m!<%W;};2o$K(J
$B!!M-8z$G$"$k(J

$B7B(J40$B-Q0L(Jx50$B!A(J70$B-Q9b$5$N1_Cl$r:n$j!"u$K@c$r@Z$j=P$7!"?M$,$=$N(J
$B!!>e$K>h$C$F!V0l?M$G$7$c$,$`!&7Z$/Ht$V!&;W$$$-$jHt$V!&Fs?M$KA}$d$9!W$J(J
$B!!$I$H=y!9$K6/EY$rA}$d$7!"uBV$G%8%c%s%W$9(J
$B!!$k$3$H$K$h$j%V%m%C%/2=$7$?@cCl$r%F%9%H$9$k!?@bL@$N$_!K(J
4.$B%9%3%C%W%F%9%H!!!!%9%3%C%W$G@c$r3QCl>u$K@Z$j=P$7!">e$+$i>/$7$:$D%9%3(J
$B!!%C%W$rF~$l!"%9%3%C%W$G$R$/$3$H$K$h$j!"M5$,$"$l$P!"%^!<%-%s%0$r3N(J
$B!!$K2?$b$9$Y$,$J(J
$B!!$1$l$P$3$NJ}K!$r9T$o$6$k$rF@$J$$(J
* $B;v8NNc$G$O!"$&$a$-@<$,J9$3$($k$3$H$,$"$k(J
* $B0U<1$,$"$l$P!"KdKWpJs$r<}=8$9$k(J
$B!!(J1.$B2??M%Q!<%F%#!<$G$"$k$+(J
$B!!(J2.$BA40w$,%S!<%3%s$rAuCe$7$F$$$k$+$I$&$+(J
$B!!(J3.$B30=}$,$J$1$l$P!"FsI$KCm0U!K(J
* $BFsl9g$K$O!"$^$:0BA43NJ]$,0lHV$G$"$k!J7!$j5/$3$7$F(J
$B!!$$$kESCf$G$b@cJx$N4m81$,@8$8$?$i!"$=$N>l$K%>%s%GEy$GL\0u$9$k$J$I$7$F!"(J
$B!!A\:w$A$K$=$N>l$rN%$l$k$3$H!K(J
* $B@8B8fIW!W$H8@$C$F$b!"DcBN29>I$K$J$C$F$$$k$3$H$,B?$$$N$G!"$G(J
$B!!$-$k$@$10l?M$O$=$N?M$K$D$$$F!"5_=P8e$N=hCV$K$D$H$a$k(J
* $B@cJx$K$h$C$F$OLZ$N;^$KAxFql9g$b$"$k$N$G2<$P$+$j(J
$B!!$G$O$J$/>e$b3NG'$9$kI,MW$,$"$k(J

$B@cH_$+$i$N5_=PJ}K!(J
* $B%S%l%$$r$H$C$?%m!<%W$r;v8Nl9g!"@8B8l9g!"Hf=E$N4X78$G?M$O2<$K$$$k$3$H$,B?$$(J
* $B0dN1J*$,%T%C%1%k$N>l9g!"?M$O>e$K$$$k$3$H$,B?$$(J
* $B@cJxH/@8COE@$H;v8Ne$rA\:w$9(J
$B!!$k(J
* $B6~6JIt$K%G%V%j$,BO@Q$7$F$$$k>l9g$O6~6JIt$KKdKW$9$k2DG=@-$b9b$$$?$a!"(J
$B!!%G%V%j$NKvC<$H$H$b$K6~6JIt$N%G%V%j$r=EE@A\:w$9$k(J
* $B%k%s%<$,#2K\$"$k>l9g!"#1K\$N%k%s%<$,B>$N%k%s%<$G$N@cJx$rM6H/$9$k$H!"(J
$B!!%G%V%j$OHs>o$K$o$+$j$K$/$$$b$N$K$J$k$,!"#1K\$a$N%k%s%<$N@cJx$K4,$-9~(J
$B!!$^$l$F$$$k>l9g$O!"$=$N1dD9>u$N%G%V%j$K4,$-9~$^$l$F$$$k$3$H$rN10U$9$k(J
* $BF,$,$G$F$*$j!"0U<1$,$"$l$P!"0BA4$G$"$k$3$H$r3NG'$7$?8e!"2p8n$N%a%s%P!<$O;D$j$NKdKWl9g!"K\?M$,!VBg>fIW!W$H$$$C$F$$$F$b!VDcBN29>I!W$,$=(J
$B!!$N8e$N1?F0$K$h$j!V?4<<:YF0!W$K$J$k4m81@-$,$"$k$?$a!"I,$:J]29$r?4$,$1(J
$B!!1?F0$O$5$;$J$$$h$&$KG[N8$9$k(J
* $B<+J,$N%Q!<%F%#!<$N$_$G5_=P$,IT2DG=$HH=CG$7$?>l9g$K$O!"L5@~$r;H$C$FCO(J
$B!!85$N7Y;!Ey$K5_=u$r5a$a$k(J

$B0J>e(J

$BCN$C$F$^$7$?!)(J
$B$U$D$&$N#O#L(J(!)$B$K$H$C$F!";3%dMQ8l$O!V$J$s$@$3$j$c(J?!$B!W$H$$$&8@MU$,$H$F$b(J
$BB?$$$N$G$9!#8l46$+$iN`?d$7$F!"<-=q$rJR$B#1!JFC$K9b=j$K$"$k!K?.9f!"9g?^!"$+$,$j2P!"$N$m$7(J
(beacon fire)$B!"I8<1$N2P!"?.9f$NL@$+$j(J(beacon light)$B!%#2?.9f=j!"EtBf!"?e(J
$BO)!N9R6u!"8rDL!OI8<1!((J(($B1Q(J))$B2#CGJbF;?.9fEt(J(Belisha beacon)$B!((J(($BJF(J))$B!a(Jra
dio beacon.$B#3EEGHC5CNAuCV!%#47Y2|!N;XF3!O$9$k?M!%(J

$B%>%s%G!'(Jdie Sonde<$BFH8l(J>$B#1%>%s%G!%#21'ChC5B,5!!%#3(J($B@PL}!&E7A3%,%9$N(J)$BC57!(J
$BMQ%>%s%G!#(J

$B%9%+%C%U!'(Jscuff<$B1Q8l(J>(vi)$B#1B-$r0z$-$:$C$FJb$/!(J*$N>e$GB-$rA08e$K$3$9$k(J
$B!%#2(J<$B7$!&>2$J$I$,(J>$B$9$j8:$k!N@Z$l$k!O!"(J<$B5!3#$J$I$,(J>$B$9$j=}$N@W$,$D$/!%(J(v
t)$B#1(J<$BJ*$r(J>$BB-$G$3$9$k!((J<$BB-$r(J>$B!JJ*$N>e$G!K$3$9$k!%#2(J...$B$r$9$j8:$i$9!%#3(J(
($BJF(J))($BB-$G(J)$B$D$D$/!%(J(n)$B#10z$-$:$jJb$/$3$H!N2;!O!(0z$-$:$C$?@W(J(scuffmark
)$B!"$9$j8:$C$?2U=j!%#2$+$+$H$N$J$$20Fb$0$D!%(J

$B%k%C%A%'!'(Jder Rutsch<$BFH8l(J>(n)1$B3j$jMn$A$k$3$H!"#f3jMn!(3j$jMn$A$kEZ:=$d(J
$B4d@P!##2>.N99T!"1sB-(J

$B%G%V%j!'(Jdebris$B!J%G%V%j!$B#1GKJR!"$,$i$/$?!";D$,$$!(I:@Q(J
$BJ*!##2(J[[$BCOF7k(J :sintering$B!!8_$$$K@\?($7$F$$$k8GBNN3;R$,M;E@0J2<$N29EY$G8G7k$9$k8=(J
$B>]!#!J!X@cI9;vE5!Y$h$j!K(J

$B$$$D$b$H$O$A$g$C$H0c$C$?46A[$r$R$H$3$H!&$U$?$3$H(J
$B%S!<%3%sA\:wl=j$rFC(J
$BDj$G$-$J$$$?$a!";~4V@Z$l$H$"$$$J$C$?$,!&!&!&!#7!$j5/$3$7$?%S!<%3%s$N%9(J
$B%&%#%C%A$r8+$?%F%k$5$s[)$/!V%9%&%#%C%A$,F~$C$F$J$$(J!!$B!W0lF1!V$(!A$C(J?!$B!W(J
$B$3$3$G0l6g!V%S!<%3%s$b%9%&%#%C%AF~$l$J$-$c$?$@$NH"!W$/$l$0$l$b%9%&%#%C(J
$B%A!&%*%s$r$*K:$l$J$/!*(J
$B46A[!&;(46!'=iF|$O$b$N@($$@Q@c$K$?$@$?$@$S$C$/$j!#EZ9g1X$N=P8}$,$9$C$](J
$B$j@c$KJ$$o$l$F$$$?$N$G$9!#=i$a$FL\$K$9$k$3$l$[$I$N@c$K!"@cJx$NI]$5$d87(J
$B$7$$5$>]>r7o$J$I$O$9$C$+$jK:$l$F$J$<$@$+4r!9$H$7$F$7$^$$$^$7$?!#:#G/$O(J
$BK\Ev$KE_$i$7$$E_$G$9!#$=$l$@$1$K@cJx;v8N$bB?$$$h$&$G$9$,!#!?e9V=,$r=*$($?HU!"J*M}$N;n83$KMn$A$F:FMz=$$rM>57$J$/$5$l$kL4$r8+$?(J
$B;d!#BgDE$5$s$N9V5A$NCf$N?t<0$,F,$K$3$S$j$D$$$F$$$?$N$+$7$i!)$d$1$K%j%"(J
$B%k$G$7$?!#$=$l$f$(>/!96[D%5$L#$N(J($B/$7$G$bCN$C$F$$$l$PHr$1$i$l$?$N$K!"=u$1$i$l$?$N$K!&!&(J
$B!&!#(J)$B$=$s$J8e2y$@$1$O$7$?$/$O$J$$$7!"$7$F$O$$$1$J$$!#!J0l?M$G$bB?$/$NEP(J
$B;3l9g!VDcBN29>I!W$K$J$C$F$7$^$&$3$H$rCN$j$^$7$?(J
$B!#$=$N8e$N=hCV$K!"2a292a<>$N%7%'%k%?$,Hs>o$KM-8z$G$"$k$3$H$bCN$j$^$7$?(J
$B!#(JNY$B$NIbO2>uBV$NCf$KF~$C$F$$$F=u$+$C$?$H$$$&]E*$G$7$?!#!?M%$7$$4X:,$5$s$N$*$+$2$GBg$7$?62I]46$b$J$/=*N;$7$?Kd(J
$BKWBN83!#$G$b!"$A$g$C$T$j;W$C$F$k$s$G$9!#6K8B>uBV$N<+8J?4M}>uBV$rCN$k>e(J
$B$G!"$b$&>/$7r7o$GKdKW7P83$,$G$-$l$P!&!&!&$H$b!#(J($BK\HV$N(J
$B@cJx$@$1$O@dBP!"$I$s$J$3$H$,$"$C$F$b%$%d$G$9$1$l$I%M(J)$B!?Js9p=q:n@.$K$"$?(J
$B$j9V;U$N7W;;$5$l?T$/$7$?eLL)$J$$$$2C8:$5$K$R$?$9$iC&K9$7$F$$$^$9!#(J($B%l%8(J
$B%a$,A4$/$J$$$o$j$K$O!"$^$H$a$k$H%9%H!<%j!<$K$J$C$F$$$?$j!"I=$K$9$k$H$A(J
$B$c$s$HLVMe$5$l$F$$$?$j!&!&!&!K$=$7$F!"EY=E$J$k869F%A%'%C%/$"$j$,$H$&$4(J
$B$6$$$^$7$?!#(J($BL5NA$G9V=,Jd9V$re(J

[Copyright (c) 1996 by Takano Iwakiri]